E303B - UNIT 14
Introduction:
·
The channel of communication affects the way grammar
is used.
·
The distinction between the grammars of spoken a written
English (modes of communication) have a major impact on the kind of language
speakers and writers use.
·
Theme is a means of structuring and organising
messages at the level of the clause.
·
It is not always useful to think of language as either
spoken or written. Rather, it can be helpful to see a text as exhibiting, to
different degrees, the characteristics that are typically associated with
spoken or written language and to see how the degree of ‘spokenness’ or ‘writtenness’ has an impact on
how information is structured and organised.
____________________________
CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION
·
All speakers and writers of any language use a variety
of channels to communicate with others.
·
Different channels of communication have different effects on language use by creating
different barriers between the speaker or writer and their audience, for example, the presence or absence of aural and
visual contact.
(Channel of
communication: radio, television or book…..)
____________________________
ACTION TO REFLECTION
·
The channel of communication is one dimension of mode.
Another significant dimension is the role played by language in a particular situation.
·
Grammatical constructions vary according to how close
in time they are to the events they are commenting on or reconstructing.
·
Whereas some English texts are very clearly spoken and
others are obviously written, some blur the distinctions and simultaneously
draw on grammatical features associated with both types.
·
In new technologies such as email, for example,
written text can exhibit a very spoken style. The
movement from more spoken-like to more written-like language (as reflected in the two scales) is often
referred to as the mode continuum.
____________________________
ORGANISING MESSAGES AT CLAUSE LEVEL
·
All themes include an experiential element. Some
may also comprise an interpersonal element. Interpersonal themes function to:
-
express the speaker’ s or writer’s
personal judgement on the message (often
expressed in the form of a modal, e.g. may, can , or an adverb expressing
stance stance adverbial), e.g.
clearly, actually , or polarity, i.e. yes/no
-
signal the use of a polar question (expressed as a polar
finite, e.g. did you...?
-
reveal the degree of closeness between
interlocuters (expressed in different forms of address, e.g. darling, sir ).
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