:::قبلا:::
الأول:
أنها : تصوير لا منتهي من العنف ومع ذلك فإن الثناء الذي حظيت به أصالتها واقوتها التخيلية جاء مع نقد للكاتب على أنه قليل خبرة.
وهو ما وصفه جون رسكن بـ:
اكتيفيتي1 ادرسوه من الكتاب:
- Indeed the reviewer noted that the gloomy and prison-like atmosphere of Wuthering Heights was largely determined by the pervasive presence of 'the brutal master of the lonely house'
أكتيفيتي 2 أيضا إقرؤه من الكتاب:
Catherine's overt hostility
Hareton's boorishness
Heathcliff's increasing savagery
أنا وضحت انها مهمة في الملخص وهي اكتيفيتي 3:
يتبع.....
'Mysterious inhabitants'
- Strangest of all is Heathcliff. His origins remain unexplained, as does the source of the wealth and education he acquires when he temporarily disappears. He has a powerful effect on everybody else, and, apart from Catherine and her father, who feel affection towards him, the main emotion he inspires is fear.
أكتيفيتي 7 ارجعو للكتاب:
· Dark, gypsy-like Heathcliff is a foreign thing: his origin a mystery in a novel where genealogy is vital.
· The centrality of genealogy is reinforced by the incessant repetition and interchange of first names as well as family names:Hareton, Catherine, Linton.
و شخصية هيثكليف رغم غرابها الا انها تتشارك كثير من الصفات مع ابطال في النثر والشعر.
- Heathcliff has dark, obsessive mentality, strange mixture of attractive and repulsive qualities, and capacity to inspire fear and wreak devastation on his enemies.
- Heathcliffsets himself outside social and moral boundaries
***In Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff is portrayed as proud, courageous, brooding, defiant of laws and conventions, given to violent utterance and action, with flashing 'basilisk eyes'
- Gothic villains, is bent on revenge, physically courageous and possessed of a 'wild and terrific' countenance; a character in whom potential virtue has been replaced by viciousness of action: like Heathcliff, he has usurped the property rights of the hereditary owners of his house.
- Thus, while in some respects Heathcliff is mysterious, in others he can be identified with character types familiar to Victorian readers, and from whom extreme behaviour was to be expected.
يتبع
النقطة الخامسة مهمة وهي مختصة بالأسلوب الروائي وهو بناء الرواية
فكما عرفنا ان الامور تسري في المرتفعات بما يناقض المثاليات المنزلية وهو ما ساهم في الوسيلة التي دفعت بها الرواية لتكون ضمن التصنيف الادبي المتعارف (genre سيتم شرحه فيما بعد مع تعدديته وفكرة مايكل بختين عنه)
Things were going on in the family at Wuthering Heights that were at odds with the domestic ideals and which also contributed to the way in which the novel puts pressure on familiar literary classifications.
هذه العناية المركزة باستخدام انواع ادبية متعددة في الرواية خلق نوع من الغرابة الذي جعل القارئ يضطرب.
- The novel's treatment of familiar genres increases the sense of uncanny
- A sense of disturbed familiarityis also produced by the way in which the novel is structured.
هذا البناء الروائي حدث من خلال :
- the idea of 'home',
- the narrators and narrative frames through which the novel's story is told,
- the patterns of repetition and variation between events and characters,
- The novel's carefully presented chronology.
________________________________________
Home and structure
***The very idea of 'home' and the house at Wuthering Heights can provide a reference-point for the formal composition of this novel.
قضية المنزل في الرواية هي واحدة من النقاط التي اعطت الرواية تعبيرها الشكلي او الرسمي فكثيرا ما نوقشت الرواية من خلال حجرات المنزل
فقد ركز الناقد هنري جيمس على المنزل في الادب كتمثيل للبنية الرسمية او الاساسية التي يحاول الكتاب بلورة شخصياتهم من خلالها.
فالمنزل متعدد النوافذ يمثل تعدد المنظور الذي يحاول الروائي استحضاره بعمله
The novelist Henry James:conceived of 'the house of fiction'in order to represent the formal structuresthat writers build to frame their characters, a house whose many windows represent the multitudinous perspectives the novelist can evoke.
الرواية نظمت في اتقان
من الامور المهمة الاخرى في البناء الروائي هو المناقضة والتكرار بين الشخصيات ليس فقط في الاسماء
فمثلا كاثرين الام انتقلت للعيش في الجرانج كذلك ابنتها انتقت الى المرتفعات وهيرتون عاش نفس ما عاشه هيثكليف وهذه الاختلافات والتكرارية ساهمت في ايجاد الحس بالبناء الادبي المنظم
ولم يكم عشوائي
وهو امر ايضا اثار الكثير من التعليقات حول الشخصيات والرواية
· There is a constant symmetrical patterning of contrast and repetition between characters.
- Characters are related not just through naming and genealogy, but through their similar-yet-different experiences.
- These examplescontribute to a sense of a tightly organised literary structure.
________________________________________
Narrators and narrative frames
الرواة وأطر السرد الروائي وهي نقطة مهمة
****Wuthering Heights tends to survive as a direct and unmediated expression of passionate emotion and dramatic incident.
في الرواية نجد ان هنالك راويين : هما لوكوود و (نيلي او ايلين او مسز دين) يبدأ لوكوود قص الرواية ثم روى ما روته نيلي وتخلل ذلك وجود مذكرات كاثرين ورسائل ايزابيل
There are two main narrators in Wuthering Heights, both of whom have a role in shaping our experience of the text.
How would you characterize Lockwood as a narrator?
· The people whom Lockwood encounters are (to his perspective) foreign as to their mode of living, manners and speech, which in Joseph's case is a Yorkshire dialect, impenetrable to outsiders.
·
This produces as a useful parallel with the unfamiliarityof so much in the novel to its readers and the frame-narrator. Lockwood is not at home at Wuthering Heights, and in this he is representative of the geographical and class location of the majority of the novel's readership.
· Within Wuthering Heights' covers, however, Victorians encountered a confusing disregard of social and literary codes.
لوكوود كان يشعر بالغرابة في المرتفعات لاسباب عديدة اولها انتمائه لمكان اخر
واجتماعيا هو من طبقة رفيعة
لهجة سكان المكان
وطريقة العيش الريفية
هذه امور شعر بها الراوي لوكوود
وهي ايضا امور جعلت القارئ يشعر ما شعر به
خاصة ان الحياة مختلفة وليست معروفة لدى الجميع
Novel's introduction via Lockwood's encounter with Heathcliff and the second-generation characters has plunged us straight into a bewildering conjunction of everyday domesticity with ghosts and strange emotional excess. This prepares us for the more traumatic events that will take place in Nelly Dean's narrative after she has provided an account of Catherine and Heathcliff's childhood years.
هنا نيلي وهي الراوية الاهم في الرواية
The narrator of Nelly Dean:
- Like so many first-person narrators, she is less than entirely reliable.
*****Critics have often read Nelly as the voice of convention and narrow-minded prejudice.
طبعا نيلي كانت راوي مزهو يعني اخذت ووضحت الاحداث بشخصية ومن منظورها الشخصي وهو ما يمكن الاعتقاد بانها ليست راوي صادق
Nelly represents the domestic, 'home', but home in Wuthering Heights is something other than merely benevolent.
***There are two chief narrators of the novel.
+
Catherine's diaries
Lockwood's reading of her diaryprovokes the apparition of the waif-like child Catherine trying to get back into the house.
· However, for the rest of the novel, Catherine's voice is heard only in Nelly's reported dialogue, although we tend to forget this under the spell of her most compelling speeches.
· Catherine's diaries give us (and Lockwood) some of the backstory needed to make sense of the novel's present.
- Isabella's letter
epistolary novels (novels told in the form of letters).
*** The multiple narrative viewpoints in Wuthering Heights mean that readers tend to experience a lack of authoritative stance— about the events and, most notably, die violence depicted in the novel.
This sense of narrative uncertainty explains why the novel has frequently been considered confused, despite its highly symmetrical structure and chronological scheme.
وتعددت وجهات النظر في الرواية من رواة قلل من وجود موقف موثوق به منهم وهذا شكل اضطراب على الرغم من البناء المنظم وخاصة بناء الاحداث الزمني
________________________________________
Chronology
هنا يتحدث عن التماسك بين الاحداث والفترة الزمنية الذي حدثت بها الاحداث وطبعا هذا التماسك اثار اهتمام واعجاب النقاد هذه النقطة ارجعو لقراءتها من الملخصيتبع النقطة الاخيرة....
Genre is a type or class of literary work, like novels, poetry, plays, and short stories. These are classified according to the form, method and function used. For example, some of the obvious differences are: the novel is written in prose, and uses narrative techniques like third person narration and first person narration. In the third person narrative, the writer tells the story from outside, and in the first person narration, a character tells his/her own story. In poetry, we use poetic devices like metaphors, and rhyme. In plays, the action is carried along by the actors who tell the story through their dialogues. All these genres may have sub-genres. Thus, there are many types of novels, like detective, the novel of education or bildungsroman, the gothic novel, the romance, and the realist novel, which forms the first major part of your course. These sub-genres are explained below.
كان هنالك انواع تقليدية قديمة ثم تطورت مثل التراجيديا والكوميديا والملحمة
وانواع ادبية خاصة مثل الرواية والشعر و المسرحيات
اذا كل ما سبق هو genre
الشي الجديد هو لفظ sub-genre
وهو يندرج مع genre
مثال:
genre = novel
sub-genre = realist novel
or
detective novel
Gothic novel
romantic novel
domestic novel
الخ
يعني genre
يتعدد ويتفرع وممكن ان تكون هناك رواية مثلا تحمل اكثر من نوع كهذا؟
نعم يوجد ومايكل بختين أطلع على هذا اسم hybrrdization
Bakhtin devised the concept of 'dialogic form' to describe navels where a medley of competing 'voices' interrupt but do not silence one another. His term for blending voices or genres is Hybridization.
وطبعا هذا منطبق على الرواية كما سنرى في شرح اخر نقطة تخصها
Rules and expectations:
اخبرتكم ان سنعود لهذه النقطة وعلاقتها باستجابة القارئ للنص
مثلا انا اقنيت كتابا بوليسيا او كتاب جرائم
Detective novel
فانا كقارئ اتوقع وجود جريمة في هذا العمل الادبي وان هنالك مفتشا سيحاول حل لغزها الخ
هذا كله
expectations
ويتعلق بنوع النص
الامر الاخر يتعلق بالنقد
هو ان كل نوع ادبي مثلا قواعد
خاصة به يجب ان يكتب بها
how they should be written؟
والحين صار واضح نكمل شرح آخر نقطة



Romance and realism
هذه النقطة من أهم النقاط بنظري وهي تخصص في شرح genre وتعدده
Romance
هي نعم تعني ان هنالك قصة حب هذا لا خلاف عليه
ولكن هل فعلا الرواية هي رومانس فقط؟
كما وضحنا او نوع ادبي يضعنا امام قواعد وتوقعات خاصة منه
ولكن اغلب الاراء الاولى حول الرواية لم تصفها رومانس فقط ولكن ايضا كما في نقطة سابقة وضحنا انها دراما
ولكن هنالك تضارب ما بين realism + romance في الرواية
Romance هنا ما وضحته لكم ما شمل ما هو خارج حدود الواقع
واغلب روايات القرن العاشر كانت روايات واقعية وهو ينطبق على على هذه الرواية ايضا
The novel form is often described as a hybrid(literally a mongrel-breed). Wuthering Heights draws on numerous literary genres.
_____________________
Wuthering Heights as romance
فلذلك قد يطلب منا شرح كيف ان الرواية متعددة الانواع او يختص بالسؤال عن نوع محدد
How can Wuthering Heights be read as a romance?
الرواية رومانس لاسباب عديدة كما وضحنا كونها تحكي قصة حب وايضا انها من صنع الخيال وليس حقيقة واقعة
- Wuthering Heights is a romance because it is a love story; or because it is a work of imagination
- The notion of 'romance' came, during the Romantic period, to describe works of introspection and imagination.
- At its most fundamental level, the term 'romance' is used as a synonym for the term 'novel' and generally denotes a mode of writing that engages with the desires and imaginative lives of its characters and readers.
امر اخر مهم وهو ان الرواية gothic وهو ايضا يندرج مع romance
وهو ما وجد في شخصية هيثكليف وما تحتويه من عنف ورعب ومكان بعيد عن البشر فلنقل والعواصف والاشباح ايضا
- Wuthering Heights also has strong connections with Gothic romances over and beyond the Gothic characteristics of Heathcliff. Gothic novels cultivated an atmosphere of terror, using remote and rugged settings and a paraphernalia of storms, shadows, apparitions and portents.
المحيط النفسي والجسدي كتأثر بما يحدث على ازابيل وكاثرين هو قوثيك ايضا ولكن يرى ايضا من ناحية الفيمنزم على انه يصور وضع المرأة في المجتمع الابوي (مجتمع ذكوري فلنقل المراة فيه مهمشة ولها دور معين ومحود اسير في المنزل)
- Isabella and the young Catherine's incarceration at Wuthering Heights is reminiscent of this aspect of the Gothic, and feminist criticism has firmly established modes of reading the genre as expressive of the physical and psychological oppression of women within patriarchal society.
· Gothic heroines are usually virtuous and passive, not major characteristics of Catherine Earnshaw.
· Instead of the expected feminine contrast to Heathcliff's savagery, readers encountered a recalcitrant heroine who, like the other residents of Wuthering Heights, is no model of refined behaviour.
· 'Her heroines scratch, and tear, and bite, and slap", who drew attention to the ways in which the human inhabitants of Wuthering Heights are constantly described in the same animalistic language as Heathcliff's dogs, forever fighting and devouring food.
· None of the female charactersmeets expected standards for a romantic heroine, and more than they serve as ideal domestic role models.
- In Wuthering Heights she brings together the romance elements of genres such as the Gothic with unapologetically realistic depictions of character, dialogue and behaviour.
The critic George Henry Lewes:
- In Wuthering Heights, there is a combination of heightened description and a telling engagement with real issues and emotions, which is the basis for the realist novel's claim to 'truth'.
هنا قضية كون الرواية رواية واقعية
('Realism'is the name generally given to novels that aim to provide a faithful rather than idealised portrayal of life. The term can be variously defined and novels can achieve realist effects using a wide range of literary techniques.)
· The brutal truths which Wuthering Heights presents include the realities of domestic life, social exclusion and economic dispossession.A combination of romance and realismis also characteristic of Charlotte Bronte's Jane which also engages with domestic politics (in both the familial and the national meanings of that phrase).
· In this respect, Wuthering Heights can be linked with other novels more obviously concerned with what was termed 'the condition of England', particularly those dealing with the plight of homeless, displaced children, like the 'foundling novel'.
- Lewes's appreciation of the 'truth' of Bronte's novel included the conviction with which we accept Heathcliff's 'burning and impassioned love for Catherine, and ... her inextinguishable love for him'
- The final scene between Catherine and Heathcliffin the novel is full of violently eroticized language. However, faced with a novel in which the only scene of physical passion occurs when the heroine is heavily pregnant and on the point of death, most film-versions eroticise the childhood love between Catherine and Heathcliff instead, supplying adolescent trysts on the moors in order to meet our own expectations of what romance should be.





موفقين
