قلنا من البداية ان الرومانسية مرتبطة باسلوب كتابي معين بخصائص معينة
وهم بعد مستحيل نفهمها بدون لا نعرف الفترة التاريخية اللي انكتب فيه
فانا ضفت لكم كتاب ادري محد قراه رغم انه مهم جدا مو لازم تقرونه كله
على الاقل الفصل اللي يتعلق باللي ندرسه
انا ما اضيف لكم اهني اشياء عبثا اوك؟
ارجو ان تقراو الفصل الرابع من الكتاب (مجمل تاريخ الادب الانجليزي)
الكمية مو كبيرة لا تخافون 12 صفحة بس ؟!
للفصل هذا
صج الكتاب مفيد بس ما يهمنا فيه غير هالفصل الحين
تقرونه بالعربي بعد
يعني فهم على الجاهز واللي كاتب الكتاب اصلا انجليزي
المهم نرجع لمحور حديثنا
هالموضوع بس يختص بموضوع الرومانسية بشكل عام
بس قبله بشرح لكم بالعربي بعض النقاط :
شنو يهمنا تاريخيا بهالفترة؟
اصلا الرومانسية شنو ؟
هي مجرد ردة فعل للثورة الفرنسية
الانجليز اعجبتهم الثورة والدعوة للديموقراطية والحرية والمساواة ويبون يتخلصون من الظلم
فاهني صار في دعوات وتوجهات سياسية للثورة بين جموع الشعراء انفسهم
بضيف لكم مرة ثانية شنو فيه بالمجتمع + تعريف الرومانسية تذكير بعدين توضيح النقاط المتعلقة فيها
Romantic writing is best
understood as the writing of a particular historical period. This period
encompasses the American Revolution (for independence in 1776), the French
Revolution (from 1776). This, then, was a period of revolutions. Within it, the
outbreak of war between British and revolutionary France in 1793, and the final
defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815 are important landmarks. The French
Revolution itself was not a single event but a series of events. A system of
government that had existed for hundreds of years was swept away, classes that
had previously held no vote and had no voice took the power, and a king was
executed. The example of events in France raised the hopes of some in Britain
for reform of the franchise, for religious toleration, for a change in the
legal status of women, and so on. The history of Romanticism in British writing
is often written as the history ofresponses and counter-responses to the French
Revolution. In this period British became the first industrial nation and
secured its status as the great colonial.
Romanticism:
Romanticism
is a general, collective term to describe much of the art and literature
produced during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. During this period
there was a broad shift of emphasis in the arts, away from the structured,
intellectual, reasoned approach of the 18th century (which is often called the
‘Age of Reason’, or the ‘Enlightenment’) towards ways of looking at the world
which recognised the importance of the emotions and the imagination.
Romanticism can be seen as a
revolution in the arts, alongside the political, social and industrial
revolutions of the age: all spheres of human activity were undergoing great
change. William
Wordsworth and Samuel
Taylor Coleridge were among the first British poets to explore the new theories and
ideas that were sweeping through Europe. Their poems display many
characteristics of Romanticism, including:
An emphasis on the emotions (a fashionable word at the beginning of the period was ‘sensibility’. This meant having, or cultivating, a sensitive, emotional and intuitive way of understanding the world).
Exploring the relationship between nature and human life.
A stress on the importance of personal experiences and a desire to understand what influences the human mind.
A belief in the power of the imagination.
An interest in mythological, fantastical, gothic and supernatural themes.
An emphasis on the sublime (this word was used to describe a spiritual awareness, which could be stimulated by a grand and awesome landscape).
An emphasis on the emotions (a fashionable word at the beginning of the period was ‘sensibility’. This meant having, or cultivating, a sensitive, emotional and intuitive way of understanding the world).
Exploring the relationship between nature and human life.
A stress on the importance of personal experiences and a desire to understand what influences the human mind.
A belief in the power of the imagination.
An interest in mythological, fantastical, gothic and supernatural themes.
An emphasis on the sublime (this word was used to describe a spiritual awareness, which could be stimulated by a grand and awesome landscape).
Romanticism:
Romanticism is an,
artistic European; movement defines as a response to the political revolutions
of the last decade of the eighteenth century. The Romantics were interested in
freeing the individual from the artificialities and limitations of society that
diminished imagination and emotional spontaneity. Traditionally,
historians date the English Romantic period from 1798, when William Wordsworth
and S.T. Coleridge published their Lyrical Ballads, until 1832. Romantics
moved away from the Enlightenment's emphasis upon reason, decorum, and order. They
valued nature, rural and pastoral scenes, equality and idealism. They
show an obsessive concern with "innocent" characters--children, young
lovers, and animals. Romanticism is not a single thing but is a set of
different and often competing voices. Nevertheless, those voices may argue over
an agenda set by political and social over circumstances that were experienced
in common. Romantic work is usually lyrical and tries to convince its reader
that it is peculiarly expressive and cannot be paraphrased.
• During this period Britain continued to develop economically and politically.
• The British population was divided into three social classes:
• - The landowners and aristocracy: that had ruled the country for centuries and held most of the wealth. Its members were the only citizens who could vote.
• - The businessmen and industrialists: that had brought about the Industrial Revolution. They were rich but they had no voting rights.
• - The masses: they were poor, and left the countryside for work in the factories.
• Economy continued to grow thanks to:
• The colonies, that were a source of cheap raw materials.
• The bank of England started to operate around the country.
• The transport system was developed.
• In agriculture, mechanisation meant that food could be produced cheaply and efficiently.
• People continued to live and work in the same dreadful condition that the first industrial workers had had to endure in the middle of the eighteenth century. The cities became ever more overcrowded and unsanitary. Factory workers continued to slave in inhuman conditions for long hours on miserable pay.
• For many people Britain’s new generation of Romantic poets expressed the unease that was felt at the excesses of industrialisation. The idyllic world of nature was an antidote to the grim realities of life in the cities.
• Those who were horrified at the exploitation of factory workers and the degradation of the cities found inspiration in the ideals of the French Revolution. The toppling of a despotic regime by Napoleon’s republican forces was greeted by some in Britain as a chance to channel the discontent of the masses into social revolution. A high point in the protest movement was a rally near Manchester in 1819 to protest against the rise in the price of bread caused by a ban on the import of foreign corn (The First Corn Law, 1815). Eleven people were killed by the army in what is now know as the Peterloo massacre.
• The government introduced many reforms:
• - The Factory Act of 1833 limited working hours and children under nine could not work.
• - A system of national primary education was set up in 1834.
• During this period Britain continued to develop economically and politically.
• The British population was divided into three social classes:
• - The landowners and aristocracy: that had ruled the country for centuries and held most of the wealth. Its members were the only citizens who could vote.
• - The businessmen and industrialists: that had brought about the Industrial Revolution. They were rich but they had no voting rights.
• - The masses: they were poor, and left the countryside for work in the factories.
• Economy continued to grow thanks to:
• The colonies, that were a source of cheap raw materials.
• The bank of England started to operate around the country.
• The transport system was developed.
• In agriculture, mechanisation meant that food could be produced cheaply and efficiently.
• People continued to live and work in the same dreadful condition that the first industrial workers had had to endure in the middle of the eighteenth century. The cities became ever more overcrowded and unsanitary. Factory workers continued to slave in inhuman conditions for long hours on miserable pay.
• For many people Britain’s new generation of Romantic poets expressed the unease that was felt at the excesses of industrialisation. The idyllic world of nature was an antidote to the grim realities of life in the cities.
• Those who were horrified at the exploitation of factory workers and the degradation of the cities found inspiration in the ideals of the French Revolution. The toppling of a despotic regime by Napoleon’s republican forces was greeted by some in Britain as a chance to channel the discontent of the masses into social revolution. A high point in the protest movement was a rally near Manchester in 1819 to protest against the rise in the price of bread caused by a ban on the import of foreign corn (The First Corn Law, 1815). Eleven people were killed by the army in what is now know as the Peterloo massacre.
• The government introduced many reforms:
• - The Factory Act of 1833 limited working hours and children under nine could not work.
• - A system of national primary education was set up in 1834.
The
romantic period
• The Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions of the eighteenth century changed Britain radically. A largely rural society became urban and industrialised. The social price for economic progress was high: many people lived and worked in appalling conditions.
• By the end of the century many poets and artists had started reacting against the dehumanisation and regimentation of the new urban industrial society. They believed in the importance of the individual and in personal experience. These artists were called Romantics. The word “romantic” was used to describe the expression of personal feelings and emotions.
• Imagination had a special role for the Romantics. They viewed the artist as a creator who used his imagination to explore the unfamiliar and the unseen. The Romantic poets considered nature to be morally uplifting. In the new world of industrial squallor the Romantics took refuge and sought consolation and inspiration in nature.
The first
generation poets
• The
Romantic poets are grouped into two generations. The poets of the first
generation, William Blake, William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, were
influenced by the French Revolution, which they considered to be almost a
physical realisation of the ideals of Romanticism. The enthusiasm for the
French Revolution soon dissipated and within a decade disillusionment had set
in.
• William Blake’s life was spent in rebellion against the rational philosophy of the eighteenth century and restrictive influences of institutions such as government and the Church. Blake was aware of the negative effects of the rapidly developing industrial and commercial society, in which individuals became dehumanised.
• William Wordsworth’s poetry emphasises the value of childhood experience and the celebration of nature. He glorifies the spirit of man, living in harmony with his natural environment, far from the spiritually bankrupt city.
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s poetry often deals with the mysterious, the supernatural end the extraordinary. While Wordsworth looked for the spiritual in everyday subjects, Coleridge wanted to give the supernatural a colouring of every day reality. In later life Coleridge claimed that poetic inspiration had deserted him and he turned his attention to literally criticism.
• William Blake’s life was spent in rebellion against the rational philosophy of the eighteenth century and restrictive influences of institutions such as government and the Church. Blake was aware of the negative effects of the rapidly developing industrial and commercial society, in which individuals became dehumanised.
• William Wordsworth’s poetry emphasises the value of childhood experience and the celebration of nature. He glorifies the spirit of man, living in harmony with his natural environment, far from the spiritually bankrupt city.
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s poetry often deals with the mysterious, the supernatural end the extraordinary. While Wordsworth looked for the spiritual in everyday subjects, Coleridge wanted to give the supernatural a colouring of every day reality. In later life Coleridge claimed that poetic inspiration had deserted him and he turned his attention to literally criticism.
The Second
generation poets
• The poets of the second
generation, Gorge Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats, all had
intense but short lives. They lived through the disillusionment of the
post-revolutionary period, the savage violence of the terror and the
threatening rise of the Napoleonic Empire.
• George
Gordon Byron was the prototype of the Romantic poet. He was heavily involved
with contemporary social issues and like the heares of his long narrative
poems, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage and Don Juan, was a melancholy and solitary
figure whose action often defied social conventions. Like Shelley, he left
England and live on the continent. He pursued adventure in Italy and Greece.
• Percy
Bysshe Shelley was the most revolutionary and non-conformist of the Romantic
poets. He was an individualist and idealist who rejected the institutions of
family, church, marriage, and the Christian faith and rebelled against all
forms of tyranny. Shelley’s ideas were anarchic and he was considered dangerous
by the conservative society of his time. Many of his poems address social and
political issues.
• John Keats had a really
brief life. The main theme of his poetry is the conflict between the real world
of suffering, death and decay and the ideal world of beauty, imagination and
eternal youth.
• Romanticism as a period and a concept:
• W. Wordsworth and S. Coleridge published a book of poems “Lyrical Ballads) 1789. That is the beginning of the Romantic Age. The end of the romantic age is with the death of Sir Walter Scott 1832.
• Romanticism is not just English, it is European. (Germany and France)
• In France it was delayed with the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars.
• Jean Jacques Rousseau influenced later European romanticism.
• Two revolutions had a profound effect on 18th and 19th C thinking in England:
• 1- The revolution of the English colonies in America against the economic and political control of the mother country.
• 2- The French revolution (1789)
• Although both revolutions happened abroad, but the victory of the American movement was a blow to the British confidence. It is however philosophically less threatening to than the French Revolution. Discuss.
• The French revolution overthrew the government of a great European power from within
• Whereas the American Revolution is a distant disorganized group of colonies.
• French Revolution is a victory of more radical democratic principles than those enunciated in the American Declaration of Independence.
• English liberal saw in the ‘early’ stages of the Fr Rev, in the declaration of the rights of Man “Fraternité, egalité et liberté”, in the storming of the Bastilles on July 14th 1789 , to release the French prisoners, a triumph of popular democracy.
• Napoleon Bonaparte rose among this havoc and brawl. The champion of the revolution turned into a tyrannical despot who strove to conquer Europe.
• In the Prelude, Wordsworth expressed his disillusionment and despair. “Frenchmen had changed a war of self-defense for one of conquest, losing sight of all which they had struggled for..”
• Important transformation of the European society.
• Most writers were deeply affected by the promise and disappointment of the Fr Rev and of the effects of the Industrial Revolution. The urbanization of the English rural life and landscape and the exploitation of the working class, created a lamentable proletariat.
