E303A - UNIT 6
المهم
What is clause \ clause complex?
How to identify a clause?
Types of clauses and their functions?
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What does clause mean?
§ The
clause is a fundamental unit in the process of communication, because
it is the minimal unit which can stand alone as constituting a complete
message.
§ A clause can be one word (imperative form): Go! Stop!
§ A clause is a unit of meaning built up around a process, a central 'going on', which could be a kind of action (jumping, leaving, giving), saying (stating, claiming), having (have, own, possessing), or being (being, relating, concerning)
§ Every clause has one process, which have participant.
§ Clause can also contain circumstances, which provide additional information where and how the participant were involved in the process.
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§ A clause can be one word (imperative form): Go! Stop!
§ A clause is a unit of meaning built up around a process, a central 'going on', which could be a kind of action (jumping, leaving, giving), saying (stating, claiming), having (have, own, possessing), or being (being, relating, concerning)
§ Every clause has one process, which have participant.
§ Clause can also contain circumstances, which provide additional information where and how the participant were involved in the process.
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How to identify a clause?
كيف نحدد الكلوز في الجملة؟
أولا من خلال البحث وتحديد كل الافعال الموجودة
كل كلوز لها فعل واحد خاص بها او جملة فعلية خاصة
مثل ما شرحنا في الفصل الخامس كيف نستخرجهم
Verb phrase\ verb phrase complex
- Each clause has a process.
ثاني شي وجود النقطة دليل على نهاية جملة وكذلك الفواصل والفواصل المنقوطة. وكذلك ادوات الربط تعني بداية كلوز جديد
- Full stops and commas, Simi comma
- Conjunctions = new clauses
- Who, which whose, when
راجع اكتيفتي 1 ص 160
ممكن يأتي نص ويطلب ان نحدد كل كلوز فيه مع ذكر نوع الكلوز
(نوع الكلوز شرحه بعد قليل)
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- Conjunctions = new clauses
- Who, which whose, when
راجع اكتيفتي 1 ص 160
ممكن يأتي نص ويطلب ان نحدد كل كلوز فيه مع ذكر نوع الكلوز
(نوع الكلوز شرحه بعد قليل)
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Rank scale:
· Participants,
processes and circumstance can combine in certain ways with other
grouping such as conjunction to give a larger grouping: the clause.
· In the scale there are four levels:
1) The clause/ clause complex level
2) The phrase level
3) The word level
4) The morpheme level
هنا شيء مهم قد يأتي نص ونحدد كل كلوز و فريز وكلمات ومورفيم فيه
مثالا نحلل هذه الجملة:
· In the scale there are four levels:
1) The clause/ clause complex level
2) The phrase level
3) The word level
4) The morpheme level
هنا شيء مهم قد يأتي نص ونحدد كل كلوز و فريز وكلمات ومورفيم فيه
مثالا نحلل هذه الجملة:
Even though every room in the school had an air conditioner, the heat was unbearable.
CLAUSE:
Even though every room in the school had an air conditioner
the heat was unbearable
PHRASE:
Even though
every room
in the school
had
an air conditioner
the heat
was
unbearable
WORDS:
Even \ though \ every\ room\ in\ the \ school \ had \ an\ air\ conditioner\the \heat \ was\ unbearable.
MORPHEME:
Even \ though \ every\ room\ in\ the \ school \ had \ an\ air\ condition \er\the \heat \ was\ un\bear\able.
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What dose clause complex mean?
الجمل المركبة تقع في اعلى مستوى التكوين النحوي وتكون من خلال الربط بين العديد من الجمل المفردة لكل واحدة فعلها الخاص
الجمل المركبة تقع في اعلى مستوى التكوين النحوي وتكون من خلال الربط بين العديد من الجمل المفردة لكل واحدة فعلها الخاص
· Clause complexes are the highest or broadest-scale rank/level of grammatical constituent.
· Clause complexes are formed through the linking of individual clauses.
· Each of them constitutes a clause because each has its own separate process with each process surrounded by its own associated participants and circumstances.
· Clause complexes are constituted of one or more clauses.
كيف نصنع جملا مركبة؟
هنالك طريقتين
There are two ways that clauses can be linked to form clause complexes:
1) Coordination – where two potentially independent grammatically equal clauses are linked, generally through conjunctions like ‘and’, ‘but’ and ‘or’.
الاولى للربط بين جملتين مستقلتين
وهي جملة تقوم بذاتها حينما نفصلها عن الجملة الاخرى
وتربط الجملتين بادوات الربط
and \ but \ or
2) Subordination – where a potentially independent primary clause is linked with a dependent or secondary clause which could not operate independently. This kind of linking is generally achieved through conjunctions like ‘while’, ‘because’ and ‘although’ and through relative pronouns like ‘who’ and ‘which’.
الطريقة الثانية تكون بالربط بين جملة مستقلة وجملة غير مستقلة
والجملة غير المستقلة لا تعطي معنى اذا انفصلت عن الجملة المستقلة ويكون الربط عن طريق :
while’, ‘because’ and ‘although’ and relative pronouns: ‘who’ and ‘which
· An independent clause is one which stands by itself and has equal status to the other clause or clauses it is being linked with.
· A dependent clause (subordinate clause), on the other hand, is not able to stand alone.
· Clause complexes are formed through the linking of individual clauses.
· Each of them constitutes a clause because each has its own separate process with each process surrounded by its own associated participants and circumstances.
· Clause complexes are constituted of one or more clauses.
كيف نصنع جملا مركبة؟
هنالك طريقتين
There are two ways that clauses can be linked to form clause complexes:
1) Coordination – where two potentially independent grammatically equal clauses are linked, generally through conjunctions like ‘and’, ‘but’ and ‘or’.
الاولى للربط بين جملتين مستقلتين
وهي جملة تقوم بذاتها حينما نفصلها عن الجملة الاخرى
وتربط الجملتين بادوات الربط
and \ but \ or
2) Subordination – where a potentially independent primary clause is linked with a dependent or secondary clause which could not operate independently. This kind of linking is generally achieved through conjunctions like ‘while’, ‘because’ and ‘although’ and through relative pronouns like ‘who’ and ‘which’.
الطريقة الثانية تكون بالربط بين جملة مستقلة وجملة غير مستقلة
والجملة غير المستقلة لا تعطي معنى اذا انفصلت عن الجملة المستقلة ويكون الربط عن طريق :
while’, ‘because’ and ‘although’ and relative pronouns: ‘who’ and ‘which
· An independent clause is one which stands by itself and has equal status to the other clause or clauses it is being linked with.
· A dependent clause (subordinate clause), on the other hand, is not able to stand alone.
Combining independent clauses through coordination
كما قلنا الربط هنا يكون بين جملتين مستقلتين كل واحدة منهما تشكل جملة خاصة بها اذا حذفنا احداهما لا يتأثر المعنى (طبعا قد يكون جملتين او اكثر) وكذلك نستطيع تغير ترتيب الجملة فنبدا بالثانية قبل الاولى دون اي تأثر في المعنى ولكن قد يتأثر المعنى في حالة واحدة فقط اذا كان السياق معتمد على الترتيب الزمني للاحداث
- Each clause is capable of standing on its own without reference to the material to which it is linked.
العلامة هذه تستخدم للفصل بين الجمل: ||
ملاحظة : أداة الربط تكون جزء من الجملة التي تأتي بعدها
امثلة:
Mary plays the piano||and John learns origami.
You can watch television||oryou can have a swim in the pool.
- The independent grammatical status of a clause is indicated by the possibility of reorganising the sequence of the clauses without significantly changing the meaning or rendering the clause complex ungrammatical.
- There are independent clauses even though the order cannot be changed. It cannot be changed because these clauses are linked closely to the unfolding events in the real world.
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Combining clauses through subordination
هنا الربط يكون بين جملة مستقلة واخرى غير مستقلة
الجملة غير المستقلة تكون وظيفتها اعطاء معلومات اضافية \ داعمة \ تدقيق وتقصيل
· An independent clause is linked to a dependent clause.
· Subordination involves the linking of a potentially independent clause with one or more dependent clause.
· Dependent clauses cannot stand alone and act to supply supportive, background or modifying information for other clauses, or act to elaborate or extend those main clauses in some way.
الاهتمام بالنص الرابع ص 166 وتحليله
+
activity 4
Circumstantial dependent clauses
الجمل غير المسقلة الظرفية
تستخدم لاعطاء معلومات او خلفية مثل أين متى وكيف ....
تبدأ بأدوات ربط مثل:
when, if, because, after
وكما وضحنا أن ادوات الربط تكون جزء من الجملة
في الحالة السابقة
حينما وضحنا ان العلامة || التي تستخدم للفصل بين الجمل توضع بحيث تكون أداة الربط جزءا من الجملة التي تسبقها
ولكن هذا الارتباط شكلي لأن الجملتين مستقلتين
أما هنا فالارتباط أكثر إحكاما لأنه ارتباط بالمعنى لان الجملة غير مستقلة بالمعنى
1) Supply
circumstantial or background information (similar to circumstances
within a clause) – they tell: when, where, why, to what extent, for what
purpose, in what manner, under what condition.
2) They may also act to indicate that the main clause is in some way anomalous or contrary to expectation.
3) Circumstantial dependent clauses can begin with a subordinating conjunction such as when, if, because, after.
4) In the case of these subordinated structures, the conjunction ‘binds’ with the dependent clause.
5) There are also circumstantial dependent clauses without these ‘binding’ conjunctions.
activity 5
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Finite and non-finite clauses
الفاينايت
كلوز أو الجمل المحددة هي هي جمل تحتوي على فاينايت بروسس او فعل يعبر عن
الزمن سواء الماضي او المضارع و العدد من جمع وفرد و كذلك تحتوي على
مودال فيرب modal verb
اما الجمل غير المحددة وهي نون فاينايت فلا تعبر عن ذلك
· Finite verbs are marked for tense and modality, whereas non-finite verbs are not.
· Tense and modality can be tested by the presence of a temporal or a modal finite (auxiliaries) in the verb phrase.
· A verb phrase which has the simple present or the simple past is also finite.
For example: He completed all his assignments has tense marked by the ‘-ed’.
a clause with a finite verb phrase is a finite clause and a clause with a non-finite verb phrase is a non-finite clause.
الجمل الظرفية لا تعبر عن الزمن ولا تحتوي مودال اذا هي نون فاينايات - جميع الجمل المستقلة هي فاينايت
·
Because they are not realising tense or modality, non-finite
circumstantial clauses are necessarily dependent clauses. We can also
say that all independent clauses are finite.
non-finite circumstantial clauses = dependent clauses
independent clauses =finite
ص 170
الامثلة:
7\8\9\10\11
ELABORATING THROUGH RELATIVISERS
الجمل المتصلة وهي جمل غير مستقلة ايضا مثل الجمل الظرفية
relative clause + circumstantial clause = dependent clauses
تتصل هذه الجمل بالجمل المستقلة عن طريق ادوات الوصل:
وتكون إما ضمائر \ او ظروف
· A relativiser is either a relative pronoun: (which- who- whom- whose- that) or relative adverb = (where- when – why)
الملون بالبرتقالي هنا هو : relative clause
Grown-ups, who were equally bewitched by J. K. Rowling’s book, felt let down by the movie.
This time the twists and turns of Harry’s adventures at Hogwarts – where he encounters even greater perils– could take me by surprise.
وظيفتها تفصيل المعلومات والخاصة بالجملة الاساسية وهي الجملة المستقلة باعطاء معلومات اضافية
· These kinds of clause are relative clauses and act to elaborate the main clause by adding details.
· The
function of the elaborating clause is to specify the meaning of the
main clause in some way – by clarifying it, giving more detail,
restating it in different terms or by providing an example.
يوجد نوعان من الجمل المتصلة:
جملة مقيدة وجملة غير مقيدة
non-restrictive relative \restrictive relative clauses
· Elaboration is the primary function of non-restrictive relative clauses. These are typically clauses beginning with the relative pronoun ‘which’, ‘where’ or ‘when (often following a comma).
الجمل المتصلة غير المقيدة تكون بعدة فاصلة او بين شرطتين -- اي انها قابلة للحذف
He was mowing his front lawn, || which had grown rapidly over the last few weeks.
أيضا قد تأتي بعد who
وهالتي تبدأ بـ who يطلق عليها أيضا
interrupting clause
جملة عرضية
Elaborating (non-restrictive) relative clauses often begin with ‘who’ and
· These typically ‘interrupt’ the main clause. We call them interrupting clauses.
وهي لا تكون بـ who فقط قد تكون الجملة العرضية او غير مستقلة مجرد فعل (لانه كما قلنا ان الفعل لوحده يكون جملة)
Frank Lloyd Wright, who designed the Guggenheim, is considered one of America’s finest architects.
restrictive relative clause:
typically located after the head noun and operates to specify the head noun in some way.
وتكون بعد noun phrase
أي جزء منها أي لا وجود للفواصل هنا
Girls who are studying will success
الان نوع اخر من انواع الجمل المركبة تتعلق بما يقوله الناس وما يقتبس منهم اما عن طريقة الرواية\ ان اروي عنهم ويكون الاسلوب غير مباشر
أو ان اقتبس منهم وهنا يكون بشكل مباشر
· A type of clause complex relates to the resources we have in language for quoting what people said,
either directly as in She said ‘I am leaving’
or indirectly as in She said she was leaving.
هذه الجمل تتعلق بالجمل التي تحتوي افعالا قولية او ذهنية
· Clauses organized around verbal processes (to say-to announce- to declare) or mental processes (to believe – to understand – to think- to decide)
· Both reporting and quoting represent further ways in which we can link clauses into clause complexes.
either directly as in She said ‘I am leaving’
or indirectly as in She said she was leaving.
هذه الجمل تتعلق بالجمل التي تحتوي افعالا قولية او ذهنية
· Clauses organized around verbal processes (to say-to announce- to declare) or mental processes (to believe – to understand – to think- to decide)
· Both reporting and quoting represent further ways in which we can link clauses into clause complexes.
reporting what others say – indirect speech:
رواية ما يقوله الاخرون \ الكلام غير المباشر
هو نوع من انواع الجمل المركبة يتعلق باقتباس ما يقوله الناس لكن بشكل غير مباشر
· Reporting involves subordination and quoting involves coordination
الريبورت يكون بشكل الربط عن طريق
subordination
اما الاقتباس يكون بشكل
coordination
مثال reporting
بما انه جملا مركبة اي لدينا جملتين
التي تحتوي الفعل القولي او الذهني تسمى:
main ‘projecting’ clause
التي تحتوي الكلام المنقول تسمى:
dependent ‘projected’ clause
مثال
Malcolm Schluter said Mr Buckland had been in the water for about five minutes.
main ‘projecting’ clause dependent
projected’ clause
It is understood that Mr Buckland’s left leg was bitten off
main ‘projecting’ clause dependent ‘projected’ clause
· Structures
involving such indirect speech are seen as involving subordination –
they involve a main projecting clause and a subordinate (dependent)
projected clause
· The only kinds of process that can project in this way are mental (thinking, feeling, sensing) and verbal (saying) processes.
quoting what others say – direct speech
اقتباسما يقوله الاخرون \ الكلام المباشر
In contrast to indirect speech, direct speech structures involve Coordination
بما انه جملا مركبة اي لدينا جملتين
التي تحتوي الفعل القولي او الذهني تسمى:
main projecting clause
التي تحتوي الكلام المقتبس تسمى:
independent projected clause
مثال
Norm Craig said last night: ‘It’s too early to say anything at the moment.’
main projecting clause independent projected clause
‘He surfaced and called out to his mate something about a shark,’he said
independent projected clause main projecting clause
اذا
reporting = subordination
main projecting clause + dependent clause
quoting = coordination
main projecting clause + independent clause
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Embedding
التضمين وهو نوعين
Embedded phrases:
في الفريز ويكون من خلال ان تتضمن فريز في اخرى اي تتداخل في بعض
A phrase is put inside another one.
كما تكون prepositional phrase
متضمنة في noun phrase
مثال:
in the school
متضمنة في
every room
Even though every room in the school had an air conditioner
Embedded clauses:
هنا التضمين يمكن ان يكون عن طريق جملة وهي تكون في noun phrase
ايضا والتي عرفناها مسبقا بـ restrictive relative clause
فتكون جزءا منها متضمنا معها
· Embedded clauses are postmodifying the head of a noun phrase.
· Embedded
clause frequently occurs as one part of a noun phrase – typically
located after the head noun and operates to specify the head noun in
some way.
حين لا تكون الجمل المتضمنة جزءا من noun phrase
فانها تحل محل participant
في الجملة
· Embedded clause acts as a participant when it is not a part of noun phrase structure:
The best is when they start arguing
activity 11
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Related links:
