E303B: UNIT 16 SUMMARY

E303B - UNIT 16

GRAMMATICAL COHESION:

1)   LINKING ADVERBIAL

2)   REPETITION OF MEANING:

-         REFERENCE

-         SUBSTITUTION

-         ELLIPSIS

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LINKING ADVERBIAL

Semantic categories of linking adverbials:

♦   introducing or contrasting viewpoints (contrast)

♦   adding information (addition)

♦   pulling ideas together (summation)

♦   listing pieces of information (enumeration)

♦   restating information (apposition)

♦   signalling results or consequences (result/inference)

♦   marking contrast or conflict (contrast/concession)

♦   signalling a transition to new information (transition)

***metalanguage*** – a language for talking about language

Differences between conjunctions and linking adverbials:

1)    Linking adverbials play a similar role to conjunctions in that they connect different parts of a text by explicitly signalling the semantic link (such as contrast or result).

2)    Unlike conjunctions, which are restricted to joining two clauses together, linking adverbials can bind together meanings across stretches of text.

The function of linking adverbials:

-  Adverbial linkers serve to weave together ideas and arguments.

-  These are to some extent register-sensitive.

-  They create bridges to previous sections of, and meanings in, a text.

-  Act as signposts in the development of a discussion.

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REPETITION OF MEANING:

1)   Reference: (cohesive reference):

Types of references:

1)    Pronouns: are one set of grammatical resources referred to as cohesive reference that serve to keep track of the participants in a text as it unfolds. They are used to signal that what they are referring to can be retrieved in a previous or subsequent section of the text (he, she, it,…).

2)    Definite articles (the) and demonstratives (this, those..).

3)    Indirect reference: the connection has to be inferred from the text (context)

- It makes it difficult for a reader to track what is being referred to.

- Another potential source of confusion when using or interpreting third person pronouns concerns gender and the issue of gender bias 

4)    Locational reference: Adverbials are used as a means to reference locations in time and place. (then, now, here, there, at the moment…)

5)    Comparatives reference: Comparative can function as a reference device. With comparatives, the identity of the presumed item is retrieved not because, it has already been mentioned (or will be mentioned in the text, but because an item with which it is being compared has been mentioned. (same, similar, different, other, such, more, less, bigger)

6)    Anaphora & Cataphora: Forward referencing is more technically known as cataphora   whereas backward referencing is referred to as  anaphora .

7)    Presuming & presenting references: Participants in a text may either be presented as ‘new’ or presumed as being retrievable from another part of the text. Whenever a writer/ speaker signals to the reader/listener that the identity of the participant is already known (i.e. retrievable from the text), the reference is said to be ‘presuming’.

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