UNIT 1
Academic
writing
It is the
kind of writing that is produce within the academy (university), generally
meant to be read by an informed and scholarly audience.
There
are different kinds of academic writing:
The
essay, the research paper, the dissertation or the journal article.
[This
forms of writing argued, using evidence and analysis, and following an accepted
style for structure and citations.]
[A
thesis statement tells your reader what you will be proving in your essay]
Analysing an essay
question is an important step??/
Most
essay questions being with a key word that gives you a clue as to kind of
question is being asked. To help you figure out what kind of information or
sources you will need to answer the question, and help you to structure the
essay itself.
Compare
paper
Means,
find the similarities between two topics
Compare
and contract
Means,
to find the similarities and to find differences between two topics.
Organized
essay supplies signposts or markers that tell your reader what to expect and
where your essay is going by using transitions, providing evidence from the
sources used and analyzing that evidence.
Discuss
means;
First,
to analyse and
evaluate a subject.
Then,
draw a conclusion about it.
New
terms and concept
راجع ص 13 و 14
+
راجع ص 11 أنواع المقالات
______________________________________________
UNIT 2
Defining the term is an important early step in any academic essay you write?
Because
many of the terms and concepts that are used at the university level are very
complex and often have more than one meaning or slight or subtle differences to
their meanings.
So it
is always important to tell your reader what exactly you mean when you use
certain complex or difficult term or concept, even if it familiar.
It
also important to define new or foreign terms; to be sure what your reader
understands what you mean
What
is a bibliography?
It is a
list of source (articles, books, websites, stories, movies, painting, etc) used
in the writing of an academic essay.
The
list is usually in alphabetical order by the author's last name, and includes
information such as the title of the work, where it was published and when it
was published.
Bibliographies
are a necessary and important part of any academic essay?
-Without
a bibliography an essay is incomplete.
-It
tell your reader what sources you used in writing your essay, and if you chosen
wisely, these sources will help to convince your reader of your point of view.
-It
also acknowledges the hard work of others who have come up with great ideas,
god insight or done research on a certain topic.
Plagiarism
In
academic is like cheating or stealing
Collecting
material
There
are two main sources that are available to students:
1- Print
sources.
2- Electronic
sources.
Print
sources
-Printed
or published (like books, articles, poem, plays, etc)
-Electronic
sources found on the internet.
Other
kind:
Films,
music, painting and architecture.
Electronic
sources
Sources
that you access online or electronically.
- Soft
version of printed material.
- Online
only journals or books
- Other
internet sources (article and paper that are posted by
professors>>>etc)
Assessing
material
How to
start assessing your source?
They
are:
- Really
about the topic you are researching.
-accurate,
current and reliable.
-not
identical or too similar to your other sources.
Primary
vs. secondary source
Primary sources are for example the data that you gather for a linguistics study or the actual poem or novel that you will be discussing and analyzing in your essay. (The book)
Secondary sources are the articles and discussions about primary sources, or the ones that you use to help you support your argument and analysis.
Using
the internet for research
The
internet is probably the most popular choice for research of students. It is a
rich resource for finding general information on tour topic, as well as
accessing more specialized and even scholarly publications. There are, however,
some special precautions that you must take when using the internet. First of
all, unlike a printed text, most materials on the internet are posted without
undergoing any kind of review process. Most printed articles or books are
checked by other scholars or experts before they are published. Often the
articles appear in refereed journals. A journal is like a magazine for
professors where their articles and essays are published; referred means that
articles are reviewed by experts in the field before being accepted for
publication.
Critical
reading
Means
paying attention to small details of a text and thinking about what they might
mean or imply.
There
are two kinds of reader:
Non-critical
and critical
To
non-critical readers text provides facts
To
critical reader, any single text provides but one portrayal of the facts take
on the subject matter
Critical
readers are not only interested in what a text says but also in how to say it.
Critical
writing
Writing
which builds up the information you have discovered and analysis made in the
earlier stages of critical reading and critical thinking.
Using
facts and information to present your own understanding and interpretation of a
subject.
Using
sources is support your own thinking.
Critical
writing involves the processes of comparing, contrasting and evaluating source
material and ideas.
You
will be expected to be able to summaries the main ideas of a reading to analyse and evaluate
the reading and to find a relationship between one reading and another.
The
values of highlighting and underlining
-
focusing your attention on the text.
-
making you pick out and think about main ideas.
-leaving
a race on the page of the sense you have made of the text.
What
is summaries?
- a
summary is a short description of he thesis and main ideas of a longer piece of
writing.
The
idea of a summary is to paraphrase(write in our own words) enough information
to make reader understand what the article is arguing, what kind of evidence it
is using and what conclusion it reaches.
A
summary should not contain your opinion or analysis it should only be neutral;
analysis and evaluation are part of the synthesis and critique.
How
do you write a summary?
1- read
the article or story carefully.
2-
reread the article, using note taking and annotating techniques; be sure to
identify the thesis statement; evidence/example; conclusions.
3- on a
separate piece of paper or new word document, write a sentence with the author
name, the title of article, and the main idea or argument of the article.
4-
write a one-sentence summary of each of the main ideas or sections of the
article and another for the conclusions.
5- add
the sentences from step4 to your step3 sentence- this is the first draft of
your summary.
6-
return to the article to make sure that your summary is accurate and that you
haven’t missed anything important.
7- now
revise your summary, adding transitional words for flow and further detail if
needed.
What is a critique?
Is a
short paper about an article or book that starts with a summary, but then
continues to include an evaluation of the original text.
This
means looking at not only what was written but also how it is written.
If the
work you are reading is non-literary, then you will want to think if the
argument hold together.
If
the work you are reading is literary, then you will want to consider and
evaluate other things.
The
point of a critique is not only to summaries the piece of writing from the
author's point of view but also to add your own evaluation of it.
What
is synthesis?
Is a
third kind of writing that you will be expected to master during your studies.
It
puts together the ideas of two or more sources into one piece of writing.
It
usually contains a short summary of each the pieces being discussed and then an
evaluation that combines or integrates the ideas from the various sources into
a logical and organized short essay.
How d
you write a synthesis?
By
finding the relationship between the sources.
The
best way to figure out the relationship between articles is t start by getting
a good understanding of each article separately.
You
must be selective in choosing what details or information to include from each of
your sources.
New
terms and concept
راجع ص 30
______________________________________________
UNIT3
To
try to very quickly come up with ideas or solutions to a problem.
Some of the main brainstorming techniques:
- listing or bulleting
- clustering
- journalistic questions
- Free writing
Listing or bulleting
It is exactly how it sounds; you write a list of
words, ideas, phrases that come into your mind.
Clustering
Tries to establish relationships right away between
ideas.
A cluster is a group of things that gather around
something, n the way that moons orbit around planet.
Journalistic questions
Who?
What?
When?
Where?
Why?
How?
This technique does have categories and specific
questions that you asking yourself to help you think about your topic in
different ways.
Free writing
Take a piece paper and just start writing.
Pick the main ideas out of your free written work
and organise them
into groups or categories.
Why use an outline?
It is one of the most useful tools for any writing
assignment – whether a take home essay research project or an in-class essay
commonly found on final examinations.
Outline helps to organise your ideas before you actually start to write
, keeps you focused while you are writing, and helps you to know where you need
to do further research or analysis to fill in any gaps in your essay.
Basic outline
It similar to a list and made of roman numerals.
Topic sentence outline
Use full sentence for each major point to be made
in the essay, rather than brief phrases that are generally used in the basic
outline.
Each of topic sentences expresses a central idea
that will be developed in the essay.
Each of these ideas must supported by example and
analysis.
Topic vs. thesis
A topic in essay is the subject or focus of the
essay.
A thesis is the angle or argument about the topic.
Three parts of a thesis statement
For academic writing at the university level, we
need a thesis that is a bit more developed.
1- tells your reader what you will be demonstrating
or arguing in your essay.
2- it tells your reader what you will be using as
the source of your argument.
3- it answers the all important question.
New terms and concepts
راجع ص 42
______________________________________________
UNIT4
Opening
paragraph
The
opening paragraph has one key goal- to interest your reader to keep on reading
your paper.
Strategies
for opening paragraph
The
opening paragraph allows you to set the stage of your essay by creating a
certain tone or atmosphere that makes your paper special and unique.
1-Quote
A
very common way that writers start any writing project is with quote.
A quote is the exact words said or written be
someone else.
The
reason that a quote is often used to start a paper or a book is that it sets a
certain tone or atmosphere for what follows.
2-Unusual
fact or statistic
Starting
with unusual fact or statistic has some similar effects to starting with a
quote.
For
example unusual piece of information can attract a readers interest in the same
way that a controversial or thought-provoking quote can.
3-Question
Asking
question is another great way to start a paper
.
By
doing this you automatically engage your reader with what you are writing,
because you have addressed him or her directly by asking a question.
Similar
conditions that are mentioned for beginning with a fact or statistic apply to
beginning with a question:
-It ask
some thing interesting, unusual or thought-provoking
-It
relates to your specific topic
-It
helps to create the right tone or atmosphere for your paper as a whole
The
opening paragraph for any of three
strategies can simply include more explanation or details about what opening
sentence or two have suggested.
4-General
to specific
By
opening your essay in a general way and then moving more specifically into you
topic.
5-Specific
to general
By
opening your essay in specific way and then moving more generally into you
topic.
6-Anecdote
Means a
story or personal account of a event.
The
reason behind starting with an anecdote is that like stories about other people
because as humans we can find a way to connect or relate to the story.
What
is peer review?
Way of
gaining valuable feedback to your work.
A peer
is something who is similar or equal to you.
Peer
review means hat something in you class a fellow student will be reading and
commenting on your writing.
By
being a peer review you will be reading the work of another student and giving
feedback on its strengths and weakness as well as suggestions for ways to
improve it.
New
terms and concept
راجع ص 53 و 54
______________________________________________
UNIT 5
Why do
you need sources?
Academic
writing is writing which provides or analysis knowledge. Scholars and
postgraduate students, because of their research experience, are engaged n
production of knowledge. As an undergraduate student, in your writing you are
learning how to analyse knowledge and take up a position or stance in relation
to it.
How
should you use sources?
When
you are doing a close reading you will be paying attention to details such as:
Vocabulary
Sentence
construction
Imagery
Themes
How the
story is told
The
view of the world it offers
In
addition to close readings in which you focus on the source itself during your
essay, you will also be asked to use sources to support your own analysis.
The
main reason you will be expected to use sources is to establish credibility
with your reader.
This
means to gain the trust and confidence of your reader that you are a reliable
and believable writer.
Here
are many different ways that you can and should use sources o back up your
analysis:
Support
of your views
Examples
or evidence of your ideas
Hard
evidence
Expert
opinions
Multitude
of voices
What
if you find conflating ideas?
There
are different or conflicting opinions of a topic you are researching . it is
also important to be aware of the different opinions even if you don’t agree
with them.
Summarizing
sources
The
summary you include in your essay shod be very short much shorter than the kind
of summaries you learnt.
Often
the summary of a text that you include in an essay is only one or two sentences
long.
When
you include a summary within your essay you will include only enough
information to help the reader understand why you are quoting or paraphrasing
from this source.
Providing
a clear and selective summary not only helps the reader to understand things
better but it also helps to establish your credibility by shoeing that you
understand your source very well.
What
are quotes?
When
you quote from a source you are repeating the exact words that someone else has
written.
Citing
your source means telling your reader where you have found these words or
phrases.
A quote
is usually introduced to the reader by starting it within quotation marks.
When
should you quote?
Quoting
should be only when your own ideas are not enough to demonstrate or prove your
point or to support your ideas, when rewriting the ideas of another in your own
words will not work or when you want to give your reader a taste of the exact
words or phrases of another author.
1-
when your own ideas are not enough to demonstrate a point or to support your
ideas.
A quote
can be as short as a key word or phrase; in fact at the early levels of
academic writing, you should primarily use short quotes of words or phrases and
very occasionally use longer quotes of full sentences or more.
If you
use too many long quotes or string together too many quotes n a row then it
will seems as if you have nothing to say on the topic.
2-
when rewriting the ideas of another in your own words will not work
Paraphrasing
is the preferable way to deal with ideas in sources, because if you can put
something into your own words.
3-
when you want to give your reader a taste of the exact words or phrases of
another author.
Using
short quotes
Short
quotes are the best kind of quotes to use in academic papers.
A
short quote can be as short as a single word or phrase but cannot be longer
than three lines of text.
A short
quote allows you the benefits f quoting without losing your own voice.
The
basic rules in quoting:
1-
all quotes must be included within a full sentence.
2-
the source of the quote must be cited immediately after the quote.
3-
use quotation marks to open and close each quote.
4-short
quotes are sometimes set off from the signal phrase by punctuation- usually a
comma(,)
4-if
certain citation information is included in the signal sentence, then it is not
necessary to repeat the same formation in citation itself.
5-be
careful about proper placement of punctuation marks. For
double quotation marks:
a-periods/full
stops(.) and commas(,) go inside quotation marks.
b-semi-colons(;)
and colons(:) go outside quotation marks.
c-
question marks (?) and exclamation point(!)go inside when they are part of the
original quote or title; and outside when they are part of the larger signal
sentence.
Using
long quotes
Although
long quotes are very popular with students, they not be used very often at
undergraduate level.
A
long quote, one that takes more than three lines of typed text, must be
indented on the left-hand side, but keep the same margin on the right.
Like
short quotes, long quotes need to be introduces by a full sentence(subject +
verb); but unlike short quotes which are sometimes introduced by a comma, long
quotes are introduced by a colon(:).long quotes do not start with a quotation mark;
they are already set apart by being indented in a block format.
Adding
or omitting words in quotations
When
you omit part of the original quote, you note this by putting three full stops
in place of what you have omitted. This three full stops are called an
ellipsis. If you want, you can put them within square brackets [ … ] with a
space before and after the brackets; or you can simply put the three full stops, again with a space before
and after.
If
you need to ad something to or change something in a quote, note the changes by
placing them within square brackets[ changed or added text ]. If you notice a
mistake in the original quote, for example the name of a character in a story
spelled wrong, you can note the mistake by adding [sic] after the mistake. Sic
is the from Latin and translates into English as thus. This is important
because it will increase your readers confidence in you.
MLA
formatting and quotes
MLA is short for modern language
association, a group stared a long time ago by teachers and scholars to promote
the study and teaching of language and literature. The purpose is to make
things clearer and easier for the reader and the author.
MLA format
uses in-text citation, and a list of sources used and referenced in your essay
at the end on the works cited page.
MLA uses
an in-text citation method; that means that citation materials appear within
the body of the text. The basic information needed is the author's name and the
page number where the quote or paraphrase originated.
The works
cited page should list your sources in alphabetical order based on the last
name of the author. If you have more than one work by the same author , then
list the works alphabetically by title under that author's name.
إلى ص 65 فقط
